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Molecular Biology of Proteins (S2)

A common procedure used for determining the size of proteins in the research laboratory is polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, where denatured proteins are separated in the presence of the detergent sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). However, preparing polyacrylamide gels is laborious and requires a number of toxic chemicals. To avoid these limitations, we provide a special blend of nontoxic agarose that yields excellent resolution of SDS-treated proteins. In this innovative series, students use SDS-agarose gel electrophoresis to perform procedures including molecular weight determinations, peptide mapping analysis, detection of specific enzymes in crude cell extracts, affinity chromatography, and immunological studies using the Western blot procedure.

Individual Experiments.

Each of the individual experiments is supplied with the chemicals and laboratory guides needed for 16 students working in pairs. If you chose one or more of the experiments below, you should also order Electrophoresis Package 2M or Electrophoresis Package 2. Electrophoresis Package 2M provides sufficient agarose, gel stain, and electrophoresis buffers for 1 of the individual experiments in this series (four gels with 15ml of agarose per gel). Electrophoresis Package 2 provides sufficient agarose, gel stain, and electrophoresis buffers for up to 6 of the individual experiments in this series.

EXP-201 201. Molecular Weight Determination (View Individual Experiment)

A first step in characterizing a protein often involves determining its molecular weight. From this information, different proteins may be compared and the number of amino acid residues in a protein can be determined. Here, students determine the molecular weight of two unknown proteins by comparing their electrophoretic migration with the migration of standard proteins. The protein standards and unknowns have been pre-stained so that your students can follow their progress during the separation as shown.

EXP-202 202. Identifying Sex-Specific Proteins (View Individual Experiment)

Vitellogenin is a protein produced in hen liver under the influence of estrogen. This sex-specific protein enters the circulatory system and is transported to the ovaries where it is broken down into the egg yolk proteins lipovitellin and phosvitin. In this exercise, students compare the proteins in egg yolk and in hen and rooster sera by electrophoresis and identify vitellogenin, lipovitellin and phosvitin. This exercise illustrates the use of electrophoresis for protein identification and introduces concepts in molecular endocrinology.

EXP-203 203. Comparing Human and Bacterial Amylase (View Individual Experiment)

Amylase in animals, plants and bacteria can be detected and characterized by the procedure described in this exercise. The analysis is performed by incorporating starch into an SDS-agarose gel prior to electrophoresis of the denatured proteins. After electrophoresis, the SDS is removed and the enzyme spontaneously renatures. The location of amylase in the gel is then carried out by staining the starch in the gel with iodine. Zones of enzyme activity are devoid of starch and are seen as clear bands against a background of blue.

EXP-204 204. Peptide Mapping Analysis (View Individual Experiment)

SDS gel electrophoresis is used extensively to separate and identify denatured proteins. However, because this method relies on protein size alone, little information about proteins with the same molecular weight can be obtained. Peptide mapping is one of a number of techniques used to study the relatedness of similarly sized proteins. With this method, proteases are used to cut proteins into smaller peptide fragments and the fragments derived from two or more proteins are compared.

EXP-205 205. Protein Evolution and the Western Blot (View Individual Experiment)

The Western blotting procedure is rapidly replacing conventional methods for identifying and characterizing specific proteins in complex protein mixtures. This technique is used extensively for this purpose in the research laboratory and is increasingly being used in diagnostic medicine for detecting proteins of disease agents such as the structural core proteins of the AIDS virus. Here, students will perform this technique to examine the evolutionary distance between different mammals.

EXP-206 206. Affinity Chromatography (View Individual Experiment)

Purified proteins are often needed in the basic research laboratory and for diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. An effective technique for protein purification is affinity chromatography, which exploits a specific interaction between a protein and a complementary binding molecule. In this exercise, students isolate albumin from horse serum by affinity chromatography using a column matrix containing a reactive blue dye which binds specifically to the albumin molecule. They then use electrophoresis to analyze the isolated protein in order to verify the effectiveness of the procedure.

Prices

Catalog # Price Description
S2 307.18

The Chemical Package for 16 students working in pairs plus 17 student manuals and one instructor manual

S2-C 234.21

The Chemical Package for 8 pairs of students plus one student manual and one instructor manual.

S2-SM 9.61

Sample Student Manual (46 pages) plus one instructor manual.

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